Notes on Appeasement free essay sample

Slide 4 – Anglo – German Act of revenge on part of previous warfare against Ethiopia Inferiority complex often shown by Italy as it had no Empire League put economic sanctions but did not shut the Suez Canal- showing they did not want to provoke Italy and Britain wants Italy as Ally against Hitler Therefore there is a need for Appeasement, Britain and France were put to shame, angered Mussolini and therefore joins Hitler in taking over Austria. Diplomatic allegiance that threatens Britains security due to disarmament. (Japan, Italy and Germany) Collective security completely discredited League plays no role at all in any of succeeding crises everyone for themselves. Slide 5 Re- Occupation of Rhineland Hitler sees world is distracted and takes the opportunity and invades Rhineland and re arms it. Gamble by Hitler Army was not sent in just a few infantry. Britain wants him to get away with it. Public opinion Pacifist against war v no interest in foreign affairs This was last chance to stop Hitler. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Appeasement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Slide 6 – Spanish Civil War Representative of ideological struggle in Europe as whole: Communists and socialists vs. Fascists and right wing. Britain and France Appease AGAIN!!!!! EST OF NON INTERVENTION COMMITTEE BUT DOES NOTHING BRITAIN BEGINS TO FEAR AERIAL BOMBARDMENT Slide 7 – Guernica STRIKE FEAR INTO BRITONS AND BEGIN TO RE ARM TO SECURE SAFETY OF LONDON (PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL CIRCLES) STANLEY BALDWIN NO DEFENCE AGAINST THE BOMBER. MORAL PANIC. REFER TO GUERNICA IN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. EXPECTED DEATHS CAUSED EVEN MORE PANIC Slide 8 – The Anschluss HITLER BREACHES VERSAILLE AGAIN FELT THAT THERE WAS LITTLE BRITAIN AND FRANCE COULD DO, SO APPEASED AGAIN!!! Slide 10- Czechoslovakia Wanted to take back land that was originally German But part of little entente, so makes a seperatist movement e. g. propaganda against each other Slide 13 – Appeasement If you dont negotiate with Hitler? What do you do? League of Nations a busted flush Any collective security via Empire? Empire a source of weakness, give commitments and responsibilities but not necessarily the strength to deal with those responsibility? Possibility of an alliance system against Germany? potential of a front against Hitler, Poland hates Russia and Vice Versa and czechs, not easy to form. Likliehood of provoking a war becomes increasingly more apparent Slide 14 – Defence Weaknesses Red. Britains defences 1934 penny drops, DRC formed because thought that world is no longer a peaceful place. Specifically look at defence requirements 15yrs of cuts left britain with very small army, air force not good, navy only thing that was useful. Not useful on mainland Europe. Slide 15 – Defence Weaknesses cont. Fear of German bombing was rife, need a strong air force. Even though not consistent but still at heart. 1938 rearmament really begins to take place RAF slower than bombers they needed to intercept. Needed a modern defensive. 1935 1939 Britain manages to create a modern air defence system, RAF more effective now. Makes Appeasement seem logical Slide 16 – Economic weakness Economic Consequences of going into war, just emerging out of Great depression dont want involvement in war for 2nd time in 20 yrs. Munitions are now very expensive, cost of rearmament begins to bite 40% of total govt expenditure- treasury had to borrow money, weakens the pound. Could Britain plunge back into depression? Appeasement looks like a good idea now! Slide17 – European commitments Britain has too many commitments but not enough power to keep to them. External threats to the empire are possible so do not want to exhaust all resources on Germany. Internal threats within the Empire are also rife. All hostile to any European entanglements. Specific memory of disastorious consequences of involvement in Gallipole (Austrailia and New Zealand) Slide 18 – Absence of allies No real allies within Europe in 1930s Retreatment of USA legal neutral and isolate Soviet Union? Communism worse than Nazism. Fundamentally unreliable change in govt every 6 months. (politically unstable) shocked by consequences of ww1 not willing to go out on a limb against Hitler. Slide 19 – Domestic calculation Students of Oxford Union vote that they will NOT serve King and Country. Score points for more outrageous policy score of political debate within UNI Some evidence of pacifism but not as strong as people believe. Housing led to socialists being elected and nearly unseating current Mayor. Chamberlain confident public not enthusiastic about War. In order to win war impetus for appeasement. Slide 21- failure of appeasement Lebensraum key German policy goes way beyond re taking german territory. Wants to create a german empire. Apeasement led to demand for more territory on behalf of Hitler? Kristallnacht! Horrified people, persecution of Jewish people of Germany made them feel guilty of betraying Jewish people. Slovak nationalist Seperatism allowed Hitler to invade the remains of Czechoslovakia Slide 22- Abandonment of Hitler could not be trusted and was willing to use force when necessary! 1st time in peace time introduction of limited conscription (more spending? Announces that Britain would give cast Iron gurantees to Poland etc. guarantees security. But all efforts too little too late. Chamberlain still believes that Hitler would not have guts to risk a European war. Hitler expected a short campaign. Slide 23 – Franco Russian talks Spurred on by German Italian axis. Britains Lack of common sense. British Naval conservation goes to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ head of mis sion to be greeted by Soviets, wore medal for fighting against soviet union. Stalin has own agenda, wants russian troops in Poland, but neither can agree.

buy custom Decisions in Paradise essay

buy custom Decisions in Paradise essay Introduction It is from the beginning of the tenure of my posting I observed that the island of Kava is a quite dismal place. So, in order to make a strong foothold there our company would have to take some very important decisions. Then evaluate the resources that were in hand which would be very important for the proposed solution. After that only I would try to evaluate all the proposals according to their implications. The factors that are affecting the decision implementations and the solutions There are a number of factors that are directly affecting the organizations from spreading business in this island. The very first case is, the island being a natural disaster zone and along with different natural disasters different diseases like HIV/AIDS, avian flu are really common in this part of the world. The natural disasters are one of the foremost causes that grounds problems of communication with the first world and this is the biggest crisis faced by our company since it is basically a communicative company (Ren, 2008). To make matters worse, the island suffers from a direct threat from terrorists both from inside and outside of the island. All these factors are really preventing the growth of the company in the island. If we look at the problems, we can find that these are seen in more or less in most of the third world countries. It is really tough to stop the natural disasters, but if the company tries to connect its hands with the government and aims to start some campaigns to stop all the diseases then it will directly reach to the lower class people. We have to keep in mind that our company is a postal company and if we reach to the lower class people, they will start believing in us and may also start using the services provided by the company. Also, we need some good transport systems and some communicational devices like fax machines and internet connections. In the beginning these steps will surely help the company going (Vaagaasar, 2009). Evaluating Resources and all the factors In the process of evaluating the resources we first look at the specific needs of the organization for spreading the business. In the very beginning the organization lacks in manpower. It should employ some local people to do some works for the organization; they can employ the older people in the posts of supervisors and the young ones as subordinates. This will be a very sincere step for the organization. After that the company should upgrade its technical sides. New machines should be installed in the office that will make the work process faster (Koskinen, 2009). As the technological advancements in the island is barred due to many problems so it has to spend money to install the new technologies. This decision will ultimately help the later growth of the company. We have to keep in mind all the negative aspects of the place before deciding on any aspect and only then we can clearly see our options (Vaagaasar, 2009). The organization has to directly help the Government and also the military. So, it will get some help back from the Government to reorganize its processes. On the other hand our organization supports several other organizations, which are either faith based groups or community based organizations and it can be believed that these will also help our organization to gather resources. This will obviously help our company to continue in the business. Gathering resources before starting the business of the organization is one of the very important aspects of the process. Actually this will help us to decide both the long term and the short term goals for the company and we also can decide what will be the strategies that we need to work on (Ren, 2008). The Implications from shareholders perspective In the context of the company, the perspective of the shareholders gets really an important angle. The shareholders want the company to earn as much as it can so their share of wealth will increase. It is really a tough decision for a company to decide whether they should do business on Kava Island or not. Actually the island is an unlikely place to do business. The island has its own difficulties, as well as many problems like weather, diseases and frequent terrorist activities. It might happen thhat the share-holders will oppose the idea of doing business in the island as they will be afraid that the organization will be out of business from the place in a short time. This can be really bad for a company because in places like Kava one needs to invest a lot of wealth to start a business and if the business winds up pre-maturely then the company will face a heavy financial loss and this will not please the shareholders (Vaagaasar, 2009). But on the other hand there are some very important points in the aspect. Firstly, in the island our company is the first of its kind and as we have decided to employ local people and assemble new technologies, it will surely attract the customers. More over the company has good relations with the Government, the military and some very important ethnic and non-ethnic organizations. They will surely help the company in doing and carrying with the business. Generally it is seen that in a third world country if a company gets hold of the market, it stays in the business. More over it can also expand its market in different countries which share a good relation with it. So, I strongly believe that our company, if it can stay in the Kava Island for sometimes, can grow in business and it also can expand its business to some other countries. This will be more helpful to the company and it will surely earn more and more financial gains, which will be directly proportional with the financial gains of the shareholders too (Koskinen, 2009). Conclusion Setting up business in Kava is a really tough task. In this case, we have to carefully examine all the resources we have in our hand and also have to go further to gather all the resources. Though the conditions of the island are not quite friendly for establishing an international business but still with the co-operation of the Government and the military we can take the risk. Moreover by providing employment to the local people we are also attracting the population towards our business (Vaagaasar, 2009). In the future, if our strategies become successful, then we should try to implement some other business ideas in the case, but for now we will have to concentrate on building the basic foundation of the business. Buy custom Decisions in Paradise essay

Domestication of Plants and Animals in Anthropology Essay - 250

Domestication of Plants and Animals in Anthropology - Essay Example Taking wheat as an example, the wild variety of wheat had a tough but easily breakable rachis. The seed of the wild variety of barley easily clutter releasing the grains far away where they independently grow into mature wheat. In addition, the tough shell on the seeds of wild wheat prevents the seeds from being pre maturely exposed. Domesticated wheat on the other hand easily separates from char making it suitable for flouring. Progressive harvesting and planting of wild wheat lead to mutations that led to formation of a variety of wheat which had tougher seed coats to sustain the roughness which wheat goes through in the process of harvesting. Animals, on the other hand, had also to go through transformation suitable evidence lies in wild goats found in the Middle East which have horns with totally different shape as those that are reared at home (Ember 168). Animals and plants in the wild even though had more similarities with those that are domesticated, they are different becaus e they had to gain or lose a number features to make them adaptable for domestic purposes. There are two theories explaining why domestication occurred within a few thousand years ago. One of the theories, Gordon Childe’s Theory has it that unreliable climatic conditions led to domestication of animals and plants. Long periods of drought in the Middle East led to scarcity of food or even water. This led to crowding around water points and areas that earlier on had plenty of food. Man, therefore, realized that to mitigate the effect of drought and increase food production, domestication of plants and animals was inevitable (Ember 169).Another theory originated by Mark Cohen, Lewis-Flannery explains that domestication was as a result of curiosity and adventure. The man admired the beauty and abundance that defined hunting and collecting areas. He, therefore, wanted to replicate this abundance in his own home. This theory further agrees that population pressure

Essay - Materials that are used to build a bridge debate & more

- Materials that are used to build a bridge debate & more - Essay Example h can build for example: bridges, building and roads, to get well known with this major the person must take Bachelor Degree to start his career that the highest degree for Civil engineering is PhD, which takes many years to get this degree, the places where the civil engineering can work is in factories, government and companies, in factories the civil engineer can make maintenance for the petrol drilling area and facilities, for the government he can make the roads and bridges which is the same for the companies but the differences is the name of the work, many places gives sponsor to students to study civil engineering, the reason why I chose to study civil engineering because I have a huge interest in buildings also I like doing physical things instead of sitting in the office all day, in my country they are getting developed such as in roads, building and making bridges to make the traffic goes smoother and getting ready for 2022 world cup, and another reason that why I chose ci vil engineering is that I have many recommendations from my family as it is a wanted major these days and will have a good career in this major also talking to many civil engineers they told me it is really good job also working outside not sitting in the office all the time. Liverpool John Moores University offers 4 years studying with foundation in order to graduate Civil Engineering as same as Northumbria University also both of them doesn’t have any optional modules to study like learning new language or taking a subject that isn’t relevant to the course, both them offers sandwich year which is taking break one year between second year and third year which is working for a whole year to a corporate or to a company and then go back to university and continue studying, also in comparing between these two university both of them offers part-time study which is taking less subject than the full-time study and also they will take much longer time to graduate depending on their

Academic Models in Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic Models in Strategic Management - Essay Example There are numerous techniques and approaches that support strategic decision making, like PEST, SWOT, portfolio matrixes, life cycles, value chain concepts and many others. The most important aspect of these academic tools is to â€Å"what extent [these tools] enhance or inhibit creative competitive strategy making in organizations† (Clark, 1997, p. 417). Some authors argue (Eilon, 1980, cited by Clark, 1997, p. 418) that there is an absence of strong focus on academic tools because they play a secondary role being â€Å"the means to an end, not an end in [itself]†. Still, the usage of academic business models should not be underrated, because these promote the development of â€Å"strategic thinking in organizations† (Clark, 1997, p. 418). Strategic management tools perform basically a â€Å"support role† (Clark, 1997, p. 418) in the strategic management process. This is so, because academic instruments offer useful insights into the benefits of different strategies and suggest a more systematic approach towards strategy implementation. These tools provide information generation, framework for analysis, also coordination and control mechanisms (Clark, 1997, p. 418). Further on, schemes and visualized models have the benefit of presenting ideas, model relationships and help management identify opportunities and co nvict others about the usefulness of suggested strategies. 2. The use of tools during the different strategic management stages Academic models are visible throughout the strategic management process, from planning and defining of mission and purpose to crafting different strategies and strategy execution and evaluation (Thompson et al, 1996, p. 3). Situation analysis Analysis of the business environment is regarded "as a fundamental part of the strategic management planning process" (Pickton, 1998, p. 102), because academic strategists have realized that environmental changes are constant and unavoidable. A research undertaken by Clark (1997) points out that for many companies environmental analysis includes evaluation of remote environment, meaning PEST analysis; and evaluation of the companies' operating environment, meaning competitors, customers, markets, suppliers and stakeholders. PEST and Porter's five forces model are basically similar tools for environmental audit and are ranked in the top set of tasks in UK (Clark, 1997, p. 423). In an increasingly diverse competition, industries are no longer viewed as isolated independent markets. This makes the application of the Porter's model insufficient, because it "tends to be focused on the single industry or strategic business unit", which means that it's much narrower in its scope. Another largely used academic tool is SWOT analysis, which is regarded as the simplest "easy-to-use technique for getting a quick overview of a firm's strategic situation" (Thompson et al, 1996, p. 92). SWOT is praised for its simplicity and practicality and is widely adopted uncritically (Pickton et al, 1998, p. 101); it underscores the basic principle that strategy must be a good fit between a company's internal capabilities and its external situation. Authors like Farjourn (2002) observe that SWOT is only suitable to a stable and predictable world. Too simplistic adoption of SWOT is reflected by the fact that most academic papers review it as a static strategic framework (Pickton et al, 1998, pp. 102-103); academicians simplify it to a list of factors and fail to conduct further analysis, which limits the usability of the model. Another tool, the value chain concept is a "primary analytical tool of strategic cost analysis"; it identifies costs and value drivers for primary and

Textual Comparison on Blog and Journal Summary

Textual Comparison on Blog and Journal Summary In the following I will be reporting on two texts containing a similar research different in terms of presentation: one is a blog and the other is a journal summary. Of importance however, is not their text presentation mode but on how their respective writers made their lexicogrammatical choices. I chose to work with the following features: noun group composition and lexical density. Lexical density I computed the lexical density of the texts by estimating how each writer used lexical as well as grammatical units in total. The entire blog text has a lexical density of 53.78% while the journal article summary has a lexical density of 55.61%. This is an indicator that the journal article has a huge quantity of information-carrying words. The blog text, on the other hand, has comparatively limited information-carrying words. Mostly, you will find incomplete clauses in the blog text like the writer was constructing his/ her own utterances. For example, how the blog post used The five largest statewide whooping cough epidemics identified as the journal writer used The 5 largest statewide epidemics had substantial proportions . Seemingly, the writer had little time to ponder and plan what they wanted to write. The journal writer had more time to plan as well as shape the units of meaning they wanted to use comparatively. The writer of the journal sufficiently selected the best lexical word befitting, reviewed the text and replaced words before he submitted the text compared to the blogger. The writer of the journal also seems to be well equipped when it comes to vocabulary as well as word finding. Comparatively, the blogger has more difficulties finding words and with their vocabulary. Additionally, the lexical density tells us that there is more information in the journal text compared to the blog text. True to this, the journal text has 355 words and the blog text has 308 words (excluding the last bit about requesting for a copy). Take Of the 970 measles cases with detailed vaccination data, 574 cases were unvaccinated despite being vaccine-eligible and 405 (70.6%) of these had nonmedical exemptions (e.g., exemptions for religious or philosophical reasons, as opposed to medical contraindications; 41.8% of total) from the journal article summary it has a lexical density of 48.84%. A similar edition of the blog is Of the 970 measles cases with accompanying vaccination data, 574 cases were unvaccinated despite being eligible to receive the immunization and 405 cases had nonmedical vaccine exemptions, such as religious or philosophical opposition to vaccines, which has 54.29%. Here, the writer of the blogger used more lexical words in the sentence compared to the writer of the journal to tell the same story. The blogger also used lesser words i.e. 35 while the writer of the journal text used 40 words. In the given text, the blogger came strong with his/ her words and overtook the writer of the journal when he sai d, despite being eligible to receive the immunization. The journal writer simply wrote, despite being vaccine-eligible. For the reader, it is easier to understand the blogger because it is not difficult for anyone who is not equipped with vocabularies to know what eligible by itself means. The blogger explicitly tells us how the subject(baby), and the object(vaccine) relate by telling us how the subject would have had an action performed on it. The other sentence does not clearly depict the object nor talk more on it nor the action. When the journal writer uses vaccine-eligible, the sentence comes out as vague. Taking this sentence apart from the text, the lexical words give us a general idea of what the whole text is about which is what the blogger did. The journal writer decided to take the other approach by using grammatical, non-lexical words more to assist us to make a whole from the pieces. Judging from this alone, the blogger intended to convey more information compared to the writer of the journal. See how in the journal text the writer says However, several pertussis outbreaks also occurred in highly vaccinated populations indicating waning immunity. The whole sentence has lexical words except for the word in. the lexical density is a clean 92.31%. For the same text in the blog, it amassed a 68.18% lexical density. The prepositions and determinants replaced lexical words. However, the study also noted that epidemics of whooping cough occurred in vaccinated populations too which highlights the issue of waning immunity. The blogger uses more words because they have incorporated grammatical non-lexical words but that does not increase the density of the sentence. I feel the blogger already told us what they study was about thus, saying which highlights the issue of waning immunity would have been replaced by, highlighting waning immunity. More lexical units, more density less tautology but still maintaining the meaning. When it gets to the general text, the journal writers text is more expository compared to the blog text. The reason their lexical densities are not that far apart is because they both used information-bearing as well as lexical words, only that one excelled at it more. Noun group composition. With the noun groups, I tackled the four common noun phrases: pronouns, nouns alone, nouns + determinants and nouns + modifiers+ determinants. When it comes to parts of speech, the journal has 37.08% usage of nouns, 5.48% of adjectives, 5.48% of verbs, 1.83% of adverbs, 15.67% of prepositions, 2.09% of pronouns, 4.18% of auxiliary verbs. The blog text has 27.32% usage of nouns, 7.92% of adjectives, 14.48% of verbs, 4.37% of adverbs, 17.49% of prepositions, 3.55% of pronouns and finally, a 5.19% of auxiliary verbs. There are two rules that simply govern how noun groups are used in English. One of them is that many noun phrases have at least two essentials. When a noun is not used in a generalizing manner, there is at least a determiner and a noun. A determiner could be a quantifier like many, a possessive like my, a numeral like thirty, a question word like whose and finally an article like the. The writer of the journal used longer and many noun phrases compared to the blogger. He was trying to be very accurate about the information being conveyed because it was complex. I made a count of 25 noun phrases with determiners in the blog text. Comparatively, I made 31 noun phrases with determiners in the journal text. When it comes to the noun phrases with determiners as well as modifiers, the journal text beat the blog text by far. An indicator of how complexly the writer of the journal viewed the information before he accurately relayed it. I feel the blogger was very sketchy when conveying the information. He did not want to delve deeper rather just give the reader an idea of the matter at hand. The writers have both tried to be very noun-centric. They have used many noun phrases as well as been very modest with their variety of verbs. An example is at some point; the two writers have used a noun phrase repeatedly without making use of the pronouns. They ended up repeating a specific term as it was the only way to refer to the concept in the text. An instance is in how they both have used the noun phrase The United States at least more than twice. The second rule that governs how noun groups are used in English claims other multiple noun phrases also use modifiers. Modifiers can be adjectives, subordinate nouns, adjectival clauses, relative phases or prepositional clauses. Using examples in the blog texts, a substantial number and the 5 largest statewide whooping cough cases. The determiners in the two examples are a and the. Substantial, largest, statewide as well as whooping are adjectives. In this case, largest statewide whooping is an adjectival clause. Lastly, the nouns are number, and cough cases. 5 counts as a number which is just part of the clause but is not necessarily important to the clause. An example from the journal text is this phenomenon improved understanding. This is the determinant here. Phenomenon improved is the adjectival clause and understanding is the noun in this case. Noun phrases are an essential fragment of every sentence. Noun phrases function first as the subject of clauses. For example, in the scientific literature, scientific acts as the subject.Secondly, they act as subject complements. Take that have occurred since measles was declared eliminated. Measles is the subject and eliminated is the subject complement. Thirdly, they function as the direct objects e.g. epidemic in the phrase The 5 largest statewide whooping cough epidemic. Conclusion. A journal text tends to try and be as formal as can be while the blog can be informal. They thus differ in their lexical densities because the writer relayed the information stressing the information differently. The building of noun phrases in the journal is also taken seriously because there are more complex clauses compared to the blogger. The blogger seemingly rushes through to make a submission while the journal writer has to think through and integrate so many aspects of grammar in his writing before submitting. APPENDIX. Blogs noun group composition. Noun alone pronoun Determiner + noun Determiner + modifier+ noun Refusal They The vaccine A substantial number Disease They The spread The scientific literature Jama whose This month The 5 largest statewide whooping cough epidemic U.S> Who The study The recent surge whooping cough cases Measles cases Themselves The disease An unfortunate comeback Patients They The U.S. The largest number Vaccine refusal The study Risk That diseased Cough A record low Immunity The immunization Researchers The study Reporters The researches Measles outbreaks The study authors Cough outbreaks The issue Incidence The vaccine Measles cases The study Percent A rise Children Some groups Parents The U.S. Vacation Percent Patients Measles cases Vaccination data Cases Opposition Vaccines Cough outbreaks Studies Vaccination data Percent Percent Patients Purpose Epidemics Coughs Populations Immunity People Measles Percent People Risk Factors Measles Cough People CDC Measles Disease Cases Cases Cough Cases Street Journals noun group composition Noun alone Pronoun Determiner + noun Determiner + modifier+ noun State vaccine mandates Their The United States This phenomenon improved understanding Vaccine delay refusal A review The published literature Diseases The United States that have occurred since measles was declared eliminated Measles We The association That assessed diseases risk Pertussis The epidemiology Which described measles reports Parents These diseases No history of measles vaccination Children The epidemiology The measles cases with detailed vaccination data Immunizations The association These had non-medical exemptions Exemptions The epidemiology Which included 10,609 individuals for whom vaccination status was reported. Association The united states The 5 largest statewide epidemics had substantial proportions Outbreaks The context A substantial portion Disease These outbreaks The phenomenon of vaccine refusal Attention The U.S measles cases An increased risk Exemption The era An increased risk Pertussis Some populations the lowest point in U.S pertussis incidence Pertussis Diseases U.S. outbreaks Search November Reports U.S measles outbreaks Measles January Studies Vaccine delay Exemption Measles studies Summaries Outbreak reports Age range Years Cases Month Half Cases Vaccine eligible Exemption Reasons Contradictions Percent Total Reports Pertussis outbreaks Age range Years Range Percent Percent Individuals Pertussis outbreaks Populations Immunity Reports Outbreaks Vaccination data Cases Percent Elimination Measles People Vaccines Individuals Pertussis resurgence Immunity Vaccine refusal Factors Blogs lexical density classification by sentence. No. of sentences Lexical density by every sentence. Lexical density 1 vaccine refusal is fueling the spread of potentially deadly diseases. 70% 2 Published this month in Jama the study found that a substantial number of U.S. measles cases that happened after 2000 when the disease was declared eliminated in the U.S. occurred among patients who were left purposefully unvaccinated i.e. vaccine refusal. 48.84% 3 They also found that vaccine refusal was associated with an increased risk for whooping cough though waning immunity seems to be contributing as well. 58.33% 4 To conduct the study researchers combed through the scientific literature for reports of measles outbreaks between 2000 and 2015 and for whooping cough outbreaks since 1977 when incidence of that disease reached a record low. 48.57% 5 They identified more than 1400 measles cases since 2000 of which more than 56 percent occurred in children whose parents refused vaccination. 47.83% 6 Among the five largest statewide whooping cough epidemics identified between 24 percent and 45 percent of patients were unvaccinated or undervaccinated. 57.14% 7 Of the 970 measles cases with accompanying vaccination data 574 cases were unvaccinated despite being eligible to receive the immunization and 405 cases had nonmedical vaccine exemptions such as religious or philosophical opposition to vaccines. 54.29% 8 in eight of 12 whooping cough outbreaks from nine studies that included vaccination data the researchers found that 59 percent to 93 percent of unvaccinated patients were left unvaccinated on purpose. 58.06% 9 however, the study also noted that epidemics of whooping cough occurred in vaccinated populations too which highlights the issue of waning immunity. 68.18% 10 the study authors concluded that refusing the vaccine against measles meant that people were putting not only themselves but also other people who had been vaccinated at risk. 57.14% 11 they also wrote that while the recent surge whooping cough cases may be down to other factors too the study clearly demonstrates that refusing to be vaccinated against measles has led to a rise in whooping cough among some groups of people. 53.66% 12 according to CDC though measles was declared eliminated in the u s in 2000 the contagious disease is making an unfortunate comeback spiking to 667 cases in 2014. 42.86% 13 as for highly contagious whooping cough the disease reached a recent high in 2012 with more than 48000 documented cases thats the largest number of reported cases since 1955. 51.72% Journals lexical density by sentence. No. of sentences. Lexical density by every sentence Lexical density. 1 association between vaccine refusal and vaccine preventable diseases in the united states a review of measles and pertussis. 58.82% 2 parents hesitant to vaccinate their children may delay routine immunizations or seek exemptions from state vaccine mandates. 70.59% 3 recent outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases in the united states have drawn attention to this phenomenon. 60% 4 improved understanding of the association between vaccine refusal and the epidemiology of these diseases is needed. 50% 5 to review the published literature to evaluate the association between vaccine delay refusal or exemption and the epidemiology of measles and pertussis 2 vaccine preventable diseases with recent us outbreaks. 55.17% 6 search of PubMed through November 30 2015 for reports of us measles outbreaks that have occurred since measles was declared eliminated in the united states after January 1 2000 endemic and epidemic pertussis since the lowest point in us pertussis incidence after January 1 1977 and for studies that assessed disease risk in the context of vaccine delay or exemption. 48.33% 7 we identified 18 published measles studies 9 annual summaries and 9 outbreak reports which described 1416 measles cases individual age range 2 weeks84 years 178 cases younger than 12 months and more than half 56 8 had no history of measles vaccination. 57.14% 8 of the 970 measles cases with detailed vaccination data 574 cases were unvaccinated despite being vaccine eligible and 405 70 6 of these had nonmedical exemptions e g exemptions for religious or philosophical reasons as opposed to medical contraindications 41 8 of total. 48.84% 9 among 32 reports of pertussis outbreaks which included 10 609 individuals for whom vaccination status was reported age range 10 days87 years the 5 largest statewide epidemics had substantial proportions range 24 45 of unvaccinated or undervaccinated individuals. 55.26% 10 However, several pertussis outbreaks also occurred in highly vaccinated populations indicating waning immunity. 92.31% 11 Nine reports describing 12 outbreaks provided detailed vaccination data on unimmunized cases among 8 of these outbreaks from 59 through 93 of unvaccinated individuals were intentionally unvaccinated. 55.56% 12 A substantial proportion of the u s measles cases in the era after elimination were intentionally unvaccinated. 47.06% 13 the phenomenon of vaccine refusal was associated with an increased risk for measles among people who refuse vaccines and among fully vaccinated individuals. 57.69% 14 although pertussis resurgence has been attributed to waning immunity and other factors vaccine refusal was still associated with an increased risk for pertussis in some populations. 57.69% Work cited. Laufer, Batia, and Paul Nation. Vocabulary size and use: Lexical richness in L2 written production. Applied linguistics 16.3 (1995): 307-322. Johansson, Victoria. Lexical diversity and lexical density in speech and writing: a developmental perspective. Working Papers in Linguistics 53 (2009): 61-79. Abney, Steven Paul. The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect. Diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. Pg. 45

Importance of Philosophy in the Modern World :: Philosophy Religion Essays

The Importance of Philosophy in the Modern World Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated (although some of them express useful ideas and/or make good points). Of course, it's easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependant on the historical situation and the extent of man's knowledge. And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment. (Socrates, for instance, was sentenced to death by a court for the crime of explaining his ideas.) However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away (or something like that). As so it seems that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present, he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time. (Since we are not omnipotent, that's the best we can do.) And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and premodern (but not postmodern) philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato's theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable. (In my view, application of Kant's epistemology and metaphysics could never produce an artificial intelligence capable of passing a Turing t est.) And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated (not in the romantic sense; many seem to have no problem with that) is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, in turn, a thorough knowledge of that theory. After all, physics can (it seems to me) give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing; psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology; various "soft" sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethics, and so on.